11.6 Religion & Peace (AQA GCSE Religious Studies A): Flashcards
Exam code: 8062
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Define pacifist.
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Define pacifist.
A person who believes that war and violence can never be justified and that conflicts should be settled peacefully.
Define conscientious objector.
A person who refuses to fight in wars on grounds of conscience, but may assist in non-military ways such as as medics, relief workers or mediators.
What is the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship (APF)?
A Christian pacifist group linked to the Anglican Church (c. 1400 members in over 40 countries) that works for peace and justice through non-violent means.
Who was Dietrich Bonhoeffer?
A Christian pacifist in Nazi Germany who helped found the Confessing Church, helped Jews escape, and — conflicted — joined a plot to assassinate Hitler for the greater good; he was executed for treason.
Why do Christian pacifists take inspiration from Jesus?
He did not resist arrest and allowed himself to be crucified for love of humanity; he taught 'Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God' (Matthew 5:9).
What non-combat roles did Christian conscientious objectors take in the World Wars?
Doctors, nurses, cooks and mechanics — often dangerous jobs — so they could contribute without killing others.
How did Martin Luther King Jr apply Christian pacifism?
He organised peaceful rallies, protests and boycotts driven by his Christian beliefs, helping win equal voting rights for Black Americans in 1965.
Why is it difficult for Muslims to identify as pacifists?
Because of the duty of Jihad and the Qur'an: 'Fighting has been ordained for you, though it is hard for you' (Qur'an 49:9) — war can be justified in self-defence.
What does the Qur'an say Muslims must do if peace is offered?
It must not be refused — 'if they incline towards peace, you must also incline towards it, and put your trust in God' (Qur'an 8:61).
Give an example of Muslims using peaceful passive resistance.
The Arab Spring (2011), when many Muslims in countries such as Egypt protested for political power, mostly through peaceful demonstrations.
The APF pledge states Christians are called to follow the way of Jesus in ______ their enemies and becoming peacemakers.
The APF pledge states Christians are called to follow the way of Jesus in loving their enemies and becoming peacemakers.
Who were Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams?
Founders of the 'Peace People' in Northern Ireland (1976) who organised peace marches and won the 1976 Nobel Peace Prize.
Where does inner peace come from for many Muslims?
From submitting their lives to God and their faith, with the ummah (brotherhood) giving a feeling of solidarity and support.
True or False?
All Christians are pacifists.
False.
Not all Christians are pacifists — some believe war can be justified under Just War criteria; even Jesus protested against exploitation in the Temple.
Who is the Dalai Lama, and how has he promoted peace?
The spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists — exiled after China invaded Tibet, he refuses to condone physical fighting, saying hatred and violence lead to more of the same; he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992.
How did Mahatma Gandhi promote peace?
The Hindu leader of India's nationalist movement used non-violent protest to help end British rule; he was inspired by the Bhagavad Gita, his 'spiritual dictionary'.
Which two Sanskrit concepts from the Gita shaped Gandhi's life?
Aparigraha (non-possession) and samabhava (equability — remaining unruffled by pain or pleasure, victory or defeat).
How did Archbishop Desmond Tutu work for peace?
The South African Anglican cleric fought apartheid through non-violent protest and economic pressure, headed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and won the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize.
What drove Desmond Tutu's actions against apartheid?
His Christian belief in love and non-violence for others.
Why is Christianity described as having a strong pacifist tradition?
Jesus taught a message of love and peace — 'Blessed are the peacemakers' (Matthew 5:9) and 'love our enemies' (Matthew 5:43-44).
Which teaching do some Christians use to accept a just war?
'Let justice roll on like a river' (Amos 5:24), and Old Testament passages like 'an eye for an eye' — though Jesus rejected the latter, promoting 'turn the other cheek'.
What does Qur'an 5:32 teach about killing and saving life?
Killing one soul is 'as if he had killed all mankind', and saving a life is as if he had 'given life to all mankind'.
What reward does Qur'an 3:134 promise to those who choose peace?
'Paradise is for… those who curb their anger and forgive their fellow men' — those who forgive and choose peace are rewarded in the afterlife.
How does the Lesser Jihad qualify Islam's message of peace?
Islam promotes peace, but through the Lesser Jihad war and conflict are sometimes necessary as a last resort to protect Muslims and Islam.
Muslims greet each other with '______ alaikum' — 'peace be upon you' — showing how central peace is to Islam.
Muslims greet each other with 'salaam alaikum' — 'peace be upon you' — showing how central peace is to Islam.
Give two ways ordinary religious believers can work for peace.
Praying individually or collectively for victims and an end to war, and donating to charities (e.g. Islamic Relief) that support refugees.
How did Buddhist monks in Tibet respond to Chinese rule?
They maintained peaceful protests despite being subjected to threats and violence.
True or False?
Gandhi and the Dalai Lama both belong to the same religion.
False.
Gandhi was a Hindu; the Dalai Lama is a Buddhist — both promoted non-violence but from different traditions.
Roughly how many people died as a result of war in the 20th century?
Approximately 140 million people.
Name three types of victim created by war.
Refugees, injured civilians, traumatised soldiers and families, and child soldiers — plus victims of disease and famine.
Define refugee.
A person who flees their country (often to a neighbouring one) seeking safety from war.
Which teaching underpins all religions' duty to help victims of war?
The Golden Rule — 'Treat others as you would be done by' — which every religion follows.
What is Pax Christi and what principles guide it?
A Catholic organisation working for peaceful conflict resolution, based on peace, reconciliation and non-violence.
What does the Christian charity Tearfund do?
It partners with churches in the world's poorest countries to tackle poverty and injustice, respond to disasters, and equip peacebuilders in conflict situations.
Which parable do Christians cite to justify helping all victims of war?
The Parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37) — everyone is everyone else's neighbour, regardless of race, religion or beliefs.
What does Islamic Relief UK do for victims of war?
Inspired by faith, it helps people affected by war — e.g. providing food and healthcare in Syria and shelter and safety to refugees in neighbouring countries.
What is the Muslim Peace Fellowship?
A group of Muslims who promote peace, justice and non-violence through Islam — raising awareness via events, prayer and interfaith work.
Muslim charities help war victims because the Qur'an teaches: 'Whoever saved a life, it would be as if they saved the life of all ______' (Qur'an 5:32).
Muslim charities help war victims because the Qur'an teaches: 'Whoever saved a life, it would be as if they saved the life of all mankind' (Qur'an 5:32).
Which Christian teaching motivates helping victims of war?
'Love your neighbour as yourself' (Mark 12:31) — helping anyone in need, including victims of war.
Why do Muslims see protecting war victims as a duty?
As vicegerents (khalifah) it is their duty to protect the weak and innocent, which includes the victims of war, in line with the sanctity of life.
True or False?
The majority of those injured in modern wars are soldiers, not civilians.
False.
The vast majority of those injured are civilians.
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