Exam code: 0620 & 0971
Many chemical processes involve substances in either the liquid or the gaseous state.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A specific mass of a gas has a fixed volume at room temperature
A specific mass of a liquid has a fixed volume at room temperature
25 cm3 of gas contains more particles than 25 cm3 of liquid
Liquid particles placed inside a sealed container have fixed positions
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Four substances are shown below.
In which of these substances are the particles close together and moving slowly past each other?
Ice
Air
Steam
Water
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A student noted the following observation in his laboratory notebook:
“The particles moved slowly from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.”
Which process is being described?
Diffusion of substance in a liquid.
The particles of a solid during melting.
A liquid being frozen.
Diffusion of a substance through air.
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A small amount of bleach was accidentally spilled on a kitchen floor. After a while it was observed that the floor appeared to be dry and the whole kitchen smelled of bleach.
Which processes have occurred?
Evaporation and diffusion
Distillation and diffusion
Evaporation only
Diffusion only
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Which words complete the gaps 1 & 2 in these sentences?
As the temperature of air in a balloon ............1.............. the volume increases. When the volume of air in a balloon increases the pressure ...............2...................
| 1 | 2 |
A | increases | increases |
B | increases | decreases |
C | decreases | increases |
D | decreases | decreases |
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Substances change state when their temperature is changed.
Which changes of state take place when the temperature of a substance is lowered?
boiling
condensation
freezing
melting
1 and 4
2, 3 and 4
2 and 3 only
3 only
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Water boils at 100 °C to form steam.
Which statement about the particles of steam is correct?
The arrangement of the molecules is regular.
The molecules move quickly in random directions.
The forces of attraction between the molecules are strong.
The molecules are close together.
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Which statement about diffusion is correct?
It is a chemical change.
The net movement of particles is from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
The particles spread in order with a fixed pattern.
The net movement of particles is from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
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Solid candle wax turns into liquid wax when it is heated.
What is the name of this change of state?
boiling
condensing
freezing
melting
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Diffusion is very much slower in a solid than in a liquid or a gas.
Which statement explains why?
The particles in a solid have no energy.
The particles in a solid are all the same size.
The particles in a solid can only vibrate about fixed positions.
The particles in a solid are held together by weak forces.
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The table shows the relative molecular masses of four gases.
Gas | Relative molecular mass |
|---|---|
hydrogen, H2 | 2 |
nitrogen, N2 | 28 |
sulfur dioxide, SO2 | 64 |
chlorine, Cl2 | 71 |
All four gases are at the same temperature.
Which gas diffuses most quickly?
hydrogen
nitrogen
sulfur dioxide
chlorine
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The following four statements describe the arrangement of particles in a substance.
1 | Particles are moving in all directions |
2 | Particles are arranged in neat rows |
3 | Particles can move past each other |
4 | Particles vibrate about their positions |
Which of the four statements describe the arrangement of particles in a solid?
1 and 2
2 and 4
1 and 3
2 only
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The diagram shows a cup of hot chocolate which was prepared by mixing boiling water with chocolate powder.
Which row correctly describes the particles of water in the air above the cup compared to those in the hot chocolate drink inside the cup?
| Particles move faster | Particles are closer together |
A | ||
B | ||
C | ||
D |
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The diagram shows what happens when a blue soluble crystal is placed in a beaker of water.
Which row correctly describes the processes taking place?
| Chemical process | Dissolving | Diffusion |
A | |||
B | |||
C | |||
D |
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Substance X can occur in three different physical states as shown in the diagram.
Which statement is correct?
In state 1 the particles vibrate around fixed positions but don't move
Diffusion occurs in the phase change from state 1 to 2
The volume of the substance in state 3 is fixed
Condensation occurs in the phase change from state 3 to 2
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Matter exists in three states which are solid, liquid and gas. Phase changes occur when matter changes from one state to another.
In which changes do the particles move closer together?
gas liquid solid
3 and 4
1 and 3
4 only
1 and 2
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Mineral wool soaked in aqueous ammonia is placed in the apparatus shown.
After five minutes, the damp red litmus paper turns blue.
Which process led to this change?
condensation
crystallisation
diffusion
distillation
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A gaseous substance is slowly cooled and the temperature recorded every second.
The results are shown on the graph.
At which point is the substance a solid?
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Which two gases will diffuse at the same rate, at the same temperature?
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide and nitrogen
chlorine and fluorine
nitrogen and oxygen
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The graph shows the heating curve for substance B. The regions are labelled P, Q, R and S.
Using the kinetic particle model, which statement is correct?
In region P, the particles gain kinetic energy and move around each other in an irregular arrangement.
In region Q, the particles gain kinetic energy and move further apart as the substance is heated.
In region R, thermal energy is used to overcome the attractive forces between the particles, which are in a random arrangement.
In region S, thermal energy is used to overcome the attractive forces between the particles and they move far apart.
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A few drops of a strongly smelling liquid are spilled on a bench. The smell is noticed across the room within one minute.
A few drops of the same liquid are added to a beaker of water. Its colour takes about an hour to spread through the water.
Both the room and the water are at the same temperature.
Which explains why the substance spreads so much more quickly through the air?
The liquid reacts with the water.
The liquid dissolves in water rather than diffusing through it.
The particles in air are much further apart than the particles in water.
Air has a lower relative molecular mass than water.
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A gas with a strong smell leaks at one end of a long corridor.
The smell is noticed at the far end of the corridor after 30 seconds.
Which change would make the smell reach the far end in a shorter time?
using a gas with a higher relative molecular mass
lowering the temperature of the corridor
using a gas with a lower relative molecular mass
using a longer corridor
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Three statements about diffusion are shown.
1 Diffusion happens because particles are moving randomly.
2 Diffusion is faster in a gas than in a liquid at the same temperature.
3 A gas with a higher relative molecular mass diffuses more quickly.
Which statements are correct?
1, 2 and 3
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
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The rate of diffusion of two gases, methane, CH4, and propene, C3H6, is measured using the apparatus shown.
Which gas diffuses at a faster rate and why?
| Fastest gas | Reason |
A | Propene | Propene molecules are heavier and so move faster. |
B | Methane | Methane is a lighter molecule. |
C | Propene | Propene is unsaturated so is more reactive. |
D | Methane | Methane molecules are smaller so fit through the hole more easily. |
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Hydrogen chloride and ammonia are gases which are given off by cotton wool soaked in concentrated solutions and placed at either end of a glass tube as shown.
When the gases react together they produce ammonium chloride, a white solid.
Which line on the diagram correctly shows where the ammonium chloride is formed?
Line A
Line B
Line C
Line D
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In a change of state at constant temperature and pressure:
energy is released to the surroundings
the particles change from a random arrangement to a regular, ordered arrangement
Which change of state is being described?
condensing
evaporating
freezing
melting
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The kinetic theory of matter explores the spatial relationship between the particles in solids, liquids and gases.
Which of the following processes causes the distance between particles to increase by the most?
Melting
Freezing
Vaporising
Condensation
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A fixed mass of gas is heated at constant pressure.
Which statement gives the correct change in the volume of the gas and the correct explanation in terms of kinetic particle theory?
The volume increases because the particles move further apart.
The volume increases because the particles get bigger.
The volume increases because the particles move faster and collide with each other more often.
The volume stays the same because the particles move faster but stay the same distance apart.
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A student accidentally left a bottle of ammonia open in the corner of a laboratory. After a few minutes the entire laboratory smelled of ammonia.
Which process has occurred?
Dispersion
Diffusion
Evaporation
Distillation
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A pure substance is heated steadily from solid to gas.
Its temperature rises, then stays constant at 80 °C, then rises again, then stays constant at 210 °C, then rises again.
Which statement about the substance is correct?
At 80 °C the particles stop moving until all of the solid has melted.
Between 80 °C and 210 °C the particles are arranged randomly and move past one another.
At 210 °C the average kinetic energy of the particles increases as the liquid boils.
Above 210 °C the forces of attraction between the particles are stronger than in the liquid.
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A student closed the lid tightly on an empty metal container which was used for paint. She heated the container over a Bunsen burner on a low flame for a few moments and observed the sides and top of the container bend outwards slightly.
She then turned off the burner and allowed the container to cool.
Which statement explains her observations?
The heat increased the pressure inside the container
The heat deformed the metal which then bent
The heat made the container reduce in size
More air particles entered the container
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A small amount of a coloured gas is released at one end of a long sealed tube containing air.
The tube is left undisturbed for several hours, until the colour is the same everywhere along it.
Which statement about the particles of the coloured gas is then correct?
They have all collected at the far end of the tube.
They are evenly spread and have stopped moving.
They are evenly spread but are still moving.
They have all reacted with the oxygen in the air.
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A gas is released at point Q, in the apparatus shown.
Which gas changes the colour of the damp universal indicator paper most quickly?
gas | relative molecular mass | |
A | ammonia | 17 |
B | carbon dioxide | 44 |
C | chlorine | 71 |
D | hydrogen | 2 |
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Fluorine, F2, and chlorine, Cl2, are released into identical tubes at the same temperature.
Fluorine diffuses faster than chlorine.
Which statement gives the correct reason, in terms of the particles that diffuse?
A fluorine atom has a smaller relative atomic mass than a chlorine atom.
A fluorine molecule has a smaller relative molecular mass than a chlorine molecule.
Fluorine is more reactive than chlorine.
A fluorine molecule contains fewer electrons than a chlorine molecule.
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The rate of diffusion of four gases, neon (Ne), hydrogen chloride (HCl), ammonia (NH3), and oxygen (O2), is measured in a sealed container.
What is the order of the rate of diffusion of the gases from slowest to fastest?
HCl → O2 → Ne → NH3
O2 → HCl → NH3 → Ne
NH3 → Ne → O2 → HCl
Ne → NH3 → HCl → O2
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