Social & Ethical Impact (College Board AP® Computer Science Principles): Flashcards
0Still learning
Know0
- FrontDigital Divide
Define digital divide.
Was this flashcard helpful?
Cards in this collection (33)
Define digital divide.
The digital divide is differing access to computing devices and the Internet across different groups of people.
Name three factors that access to computing devices and the Internet varies with.
Access varies with socioeconomic status, geographic location, and demographic characteristics, as well as between countries.
Name two opportunities that people without reliable Internet access have fewer of.
They have fewer opportunities to access information, services, education, and employment.
True or False?
The digital divide affects entire communities but not individuals.
False.
The digital divide affects both groups and individuals, and individuals within a community face different levels of impact.
Name two things that not everyone has equal access to, creating the digital divide.
Not everyone has equal access to the hardware needed to use computing or to reliable, high-speed Internet connections.
Name two causes of gaps in access to computing.
Gaps can result from cost, infrastructure availability, or government policy.
What three issues does the digital divide raise?
The digital divide raises issues of equity, access, and influence.
Governments can reduce the digital divide by funding _________ expansion in underserved areas.
Governments can reduce the digital divide by funding broadband expansion in underserved areas.
How does unequal access to computing affect equity?
Unequal access widens existing social and economic inequalities.
How does greater access to computing affect influence?
People with greater access have more opportunity to shape political discourse, online communities, and the digital economy.
Name three groups whose decisions influence the digital divide.
Individuals, organizations, and governments all influence the digital divide.
How can organizations help reduce the digital divide?
Organizations can provide devices, training, or affordable services to underserved groups.
What are the two main ways computing innovations can reflect human biases?
Bias can be written into the algorithms that drive an innovation, or exist in the data used to train or operate it.
At what stage of development can bias enter a computing innovation?
Bias can enter at any stage, from initial design through testing and deployment.
True or False?
A computing system can only produce unfair outcomes if it was designed to discriminate.
False.
Bias can produce unequal or unfair outcomes even when a system was not designed with intent to discriminate.
A loan-approval algorithm weighs zip code in a way that disadvantages certain neighborhoods. Is this bias in the algorithm or the data?
This is bias in the algorithm, because the rules of the algorithm favor certain outcomes.
A facial recognition system trained mostly on one demographic group performs less accurately on others. Is this bias in the algorithm or the data?
This is bias in the data, because the training data does not represent all groups.
What happens when the data used to train a system reflects historical inequalities?
The system will reproduce those inequalities.
Why should programmers take action to reduce bias in algorithms?
Reducing bias in algorithms is a way of combating existing human biases.
Name two practical actions programmers can take to reduce bias.
Actions include using diverse and representative data and reviewing algorithms for unintended outcomes before release.
Reducing bias is an _______ responsibility throughout development, not a single step.
Reducing bias is an ongoing responsibility throughout development, not a single step.
Why should computing systems be monitored for bias after release?
Systems should be monitored because data and use cases change over time.
Define crowdsourcing.
Crowdsourcing is the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people, typically via the Internet.
Name three things crowdsourcing lets organizations access from many individuals at once.
Crowdsourcing gives access to ideas, data, or labor from many individuals at once.
Define citizen science.
Citizen science is scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute data using their own computing devices.
Volunteers report local wildlife sightings to a research database. Which crowdsourcing application is this?
Reporting wildlife sightings to a research database is citizen science.
Define crowdfunding.
Crowdfunding is when many individuals contribute small amounts toward a single project.
How do crowdsourced problem-solving challenges work?
Organizations post challenges online and reward participants whose solutions are selected.
Name one example of crowdsourced information sharing.
Examples include collaborative encyclopedias and mapping platforms.
True or False?
Crowdsourcing only works for projects with a small number of contributors.
False.
Crowdsourcing works at scale: thousands or millions of people can contribute to a single project from anywhere in the world.
What kind of problems does crowdsourcing allow people to tackle?
Crowdsourcing allows problems to be tackled that are too large or complex for any single individual or organization to solve alone.
Widespread ______ to information and public data facilitates the identification of problems, development of solutions, and dissemination of results.
Widespread access to information and public data facilitates the identification of problems, development of solutions, and dissemination of results.
Why do new collaborative crowdsourcing models continue to emerge?
New models emerge as Internet access expands and platforms make participation easier.
Sign up to unlock flashcards
or