Movement at Joints (OCR GCSE Physical Education (PE)): Revision Note
Exam code: J587
Types of movement at hinge joints
& ball & socket joints
The different types of joint cause movement of the bones at the joint in different ways
This movement is dependent on the way the bones join together and how they are connected to each other and muscles via tendons and ligaments
Hinge joints allow flexion and extension only
Ball and socket joints also allow flexion and extension but due to their design they also allow types of movement called abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction
This creates opportunities for different types of movement during sporting activities
Type of joint movement | Description of joint movement | Example of where the joint movement can take place | Sporting examples |
|---|---|---|---|
Flexion | Decrease in the angle at the joint (bending) | Elbow, knee | At the elbow in the upwards phases of a bicep curl At the knee in preparation for kicking a ball |
Extension | Increase in the angle at the joint (straightening) | Elbow, knee | At the elbow during a backhand tennis shot At the knee during the upward phase of a squat |
Type of joint movement | Description of joint movement | Example of where the joint movement can take place | Sporting example |
|---|---|---|---|
Flexion | Decrease in the angle at the joint (bending) | Shoulder, hip | At the shoulder during the execution phase of an underarm throw At the hip during the landing phase of a long jump |
Extension | Increase in the angle at the joint (straightening) | Shoulder, hip | At the shoulder during the preparation phase of an underarm throw At the hip when preparing to kick a rugby conversion |
Abduction | Movement of the arm or leg away from the midline of the body | Shoulder, hip | At the shoulder and hip during the outward phase of a star jump |
Adduction | Movement of the arm or leg towards the midline of the body | Shoulder, hip | At the shoulder and hip during the inward phase of a star jump |
Rotation | When the bone turns about its longitudinal axis (screwdriver action) | Shoulder, hip | At the shoulder when placing spin on a forehand in tennis At the hip while performing a drive shot in golf |
Circumduction | A wide and continuous circular movement of the arms and legs (combination of abduction, adduction, flexion or extension and rotation) | Shoulder, hip | At the shoulder joint during an overarm tennis serve or cricket bowl At the hip when moving the trail leg over a hurdle |
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