The Major Muscle Groups (OCR GCSE Physical Education (PE)): Revision Note

Muscle Group

Function

Sporting example

Deltoid

Flexion, extension and abduction of the shoulder (Lifting the arm at the shoulder both out to the side and upwards)

Holding crucifix position on the rings in gymnastics; lifting the arms to block in volleyball

Trapezius

Abduction of the shoulder in a horizontal plane (moving the arms out from the chest)

Bringing the arm back during the preparation phase of a discus throw

Latissimus dorsi

Adduction of the shoulder (moving the arm down towards the mid-line of the body)

Pulling the arms back toward the body during the breast stroke in swimming

Pectorals

Adduction and flexion of the shoulder in a horizontal plane (moving the arms forwards in front of the body)

A rugby player making a tackle

Biceps

Flexion of the arm at the elbow (bending the arm)

Upwards phase of a biceps curl

Triceps

Extension of the arm at the elbow (straightening the arm)

Follow through when throwing a dart

Abdominals

Flexion of the vertebral column (bending forwards at the hip)

Performing a sit up or a forward roll

Quadriceps

Extension of the leg at the knee (straightening the leg)

Execution phase of kicking a football; upward phase of a squat

Hamstrings

Flexion of the leg at the knee (bending the lower leg back towards the hip)

Preparation phase of kicking a football; downward phase of a squat

Gluteals

Extension and adduction of the hip (moving the femur backwards)

Pulling leg back at the hip during the drive phase when running

Gastrocnemius

Plantar flexion of the ankle (pointing the toes downwards)

Pushing off the floor during the take off phase of a lay-up in basketball