Reducing Ozone Depletion (College Board AP® Environmental Science): Flashcards
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Define Montreal Protocol.
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Define Montreal Protocol.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark international agreement, initiated in 1987, to reduce the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs).
What is the main way to mitigate ozone depletion?
Ozone depletion can be mitigated by replacing ozone-depleting chemicals with substitutes that do not deplete the ozone layer.
True or False?
The Montreal Protocol's restrictions have stayed the same since 1987.
False.
The protocol has been revised and strengthened over time to reflect scientific and technological advances; for example, the 1992 Copenhagen summit tightened restrictions further.
What is the purpose of the Multilateral Fund (MLF)?
The Multilateral Fund (MLF), established in 1991, helps developing countries meet and maintain their Montreal Protocol commitments.
The Montreal Protocol aims to end the production of all HCFCs by .
The Montreal Protocol aims to end the production of all HCFCs by 2040.
Why did the Montreal Protocol use gradual reduction schedules for ODSs?
Phased reduction gave industries time to adapt and to develop and adopt alternatives to ODSs.
True or False?
Emissions of ozone-depleting substances have changed very little since 1987.
False.
ODS emissions fell rapidly, from about 1.5 million metric tons in 1987 to roughly 400,000 metric tons in 2010.
Define hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are compounds of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon introduced as replacements for CFCs because they do not significantly deplete ozone.
How did the US put its Montreal Protocol commitment into law?
Congress added Title VI to the Clean Air Act, making the EPA responsible for safeguarding the ozone layer.
True or False?
Because HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer, they are harmless to the environment.
False.
HFCs are potent greenhouse gases with a high global warming potential (GWP), so their emissions contribute to climate change.
Why can HCFCs deplete the ozone layer when HFCs cannot?
HCFCs contain chlorine, which destroys ozone, while HFCs contain no chlorine.
Define fluorinated gases (F-gases).
F-gases, such as HFCs and perfluorocarbons (PFCs), are gases that do not deplete the ozone layer and are used as alternatives in refrigeration, air conditioning, and insulation.
The Amendment to the Montreal Protocol aims to regulate and reduce the use of F-gases.
The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol aims to regulate and reduce the use of F-gases.
How is the illegal trade in ozone-depleting substances tackled?
The illegal trade is tackled through persistent monitoring and enforcement and collaboration with national authorities, customs agencies, and other stakeholders.
Why should older air conditioners and refrigerators be serviced regularly?
Traditional units used ODSs such as CFCs, so regular maintenance helps identify and repair refrigerant leaks.
Name two actions individuals can take to reduce ozone depletion.
Individuals can avoid products containing ODSs such as CFCs or methyl bromide, dispose of old devices properly, and support legislation to reduce ozone-depleting chemicals.
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