Genetic Modification (AQA GCSE Combined Science: Synergy: Life & Environmental Sciences): Revision Note

Gene Technology

• Genetic modification is changing the genetic material of an organism by removing or altering genes within that organism, or by inserting genes from another organism

• Gene technology has the potential to offer treatment for many diseases

Benefits of gene technology in medicine

• Type 1 diabetes

  • Genetically modified bacteria can produce human insulin for treating Type 1 diabetes

  • Insulin produced is pure and reduces risk of immune reactions

  • Large quantities can be produced reliably and cheaply

• Cystic fibrosis

  • Sheep and goats can be genetically modified to produce useful proteins in their milk

  • These proteins can be used to treat diseases such as cystic fibrosis

• Organ and tissue transplantation

  • Genetically modified animals could provide tissues or organs

  • Modified tissues are less likely to be rejected by the human immune system

  • Could reduce the shortage of donor organs

Practical risks and limitations

• Environmental risks

  • Genetically modified organisms could escape into the environment and reproduce

  • Modified genes could spread to wild populations through breeding

  • Ecosystems could be disrupted if genetically modified organisms outcompete natural species

  • Biodiversity could be reduced as native species decline

• Health risks

  • There may be unknown long-term effects on human health

  • Genetically modified tissues or products could trigger unexpected immune responses

  • There is a risk of new diseases developing

  • Animal pathogens could be transferred to humans through transplants or medical products

• Cost and accessibility

  • Gene technology treatments are often expensive to develop and produce

  • High costs may limit availability to wealthier countries or patients

  • This could increase inequality in access to healthcare

Ethical considerations

• Animal welfare

  • Animals may suffer as a result of genetic modification

  • Concerns exist about keeping animals purely for medical or experimental use

• Moral and religious objections

  • Some people believe genetic modification is unnatural

  • Others feel it is morally wrong to interfere with the genetic makeup of living organisms

• Regulation and control

  • Strict laws are needed to control the use of gene technology

  • Extensive testing is required before treatments are approved

  • Regulation helps ensure safety, ethical standards and public trust