School Subjects & My Studies: Grammar (AQA GCSE Polish): Revision Note
Exam code: 8688
To talk about life at school, you can use opinion phrases to say what you think and why, comparatives to compare things such as subjects, teachers and facilities, and superlatives to say what is the most or least of something
Look at these grammar points in more detail
Comparatives (+ niż)
Język polski jest bardziej interesujący niż matematyka i łatwiejszy niż fizyka. Polish language is more interesting than maths and easier than physics
Use comparatives to compare two things, for example, when talking about which subjects you find more difficult, more interesting or more useful
In Polish, comparatives are usually formed by adding -szy or -iejszy to the adjective. (Which ending you use depends on the adjective, but the meaning is the same.)
adjective (comparative form) + niż = more… than Polski jest ciekawszy niż matematyka. Polish is more interesting than maths.
mniej + adjective + niż = “less… than” Biologia jest mniej ciekawa niż chemia. Biology is less interesting than chemistry
tak + adjective + jak = “as… as” Biologia jest tak ciekawa jak chemia. Biology is as interesting as chemistry
However, in the “less… than” structure, the adjective stays in its base form
mniej ciekawy niż… (less interesting than…)—not mniej ciekawszy
This means Polish has two patterns:
comparative ending + niż → more… than
mniej + base adjective + niż → less… than
Examiner Tips and Tricks
In Polish, you do not use a separate word for “more”. Instead, the comparative ending is added directly to the adjective, for example:
ciekawy → ciekawszy (more interesting)
trudny → trudniejszy (more difficult)
Irregular comparatives
The words for 'better' and 'worse' are irregular:
Polish has two important irregular comparative forms, lepszy and gorszy
dobry - lepszy niż- better than
zły -gorszy niż- worse than
These forms do not follow the regular comparative pattern (they do not add -szy or -iejszy in the usual way)
Sztuka jest lepsza niż chemia. Art is better than chemistry
Fizyka jest gorsza niż muzyka. Physics is worse than music
Giving opinions, lubię / wolę and subjects
When talking about school subjects, it is useful to be able to say what you like, what you dislike, and what you prefer. This allows you to give more detailed answers and explain your opinions
The two most useful verbs are:
lubić = to like
woleć = to prefer
The verb lubić is used when you want to say that you like something
Lubię matematykę.
I like maths.Lubię historię.
I like history.Lubię biologię.
I like biology.
After lubię, the thing you like is normally in the accusative case. This means that many feminine school subjects ending in -a change to -ę.
Basic form | After lubię | English |
|---|---|---|
matematyka | matematykę | maths |
biologia | biologię | biology |
historia | historię | history |
geografia | geografię | geography |
chemia | chemię | chemistry |
fizyka | fizykę | physics |
informatyka | informatykę | ICT / computer science |
For a stronger exam answer, don't just say what you like. Explain why. Lubię + subject + ponieważ (because)+ reason
Lubię matematykę, ponieważ jest ciekawa
I like maths because it is interestingLubię historię, ponieważ jest fascynująca
I like history because it is fascinating
The verb woleć means to prefer. Use it when you want to say that you prefer one thing to another
Wolę matematykę niż biologię
I prefer maths to biologyWolę historię niż geografię
I prefer history to geography
nie lubię = I don't like. After nie lubię, the noun is normally in the genitive case
Nie lubię matematyki
I don't like mathsNie lubię historii
I don't like history
Notice the difference. This is an important grammar point
Lubię matematykę. → I like maths
Nie lubię matematyki. → I don't like maths
Instead of giving a very short answer: Lubię matematykę
You can develop it: Lubię matematykę, ponieważ jest ciekawa. Uważam, że jest też przydatna w życiu codziennym. Wolę matematykę niż chemię, ponieważ chemia jest trudniejsza.
This gives you several opportunities to show different structures:
Lubię -what you like
ponieważ, bo, dlatego, że -justification
Uważam, że - opinion
Wolę… niż… - preference
jest trudniejsza - comparison
Example
I prefer maths to biology because maths is easier
Wolę matematykę niż biologię, ponieważ matematyka jest łatwiejsza
You can make your answer more interesting by explaining what the subject is like.
ciekawy / ciekawa — interesting
łatwy / łatwa — easy
fascynujący / fascynująca — fascinating
przydatny / przydatna — useful
ważny / ważna — important
zabawny / zabawna — fun
trudny / trudna — difficult
nudny / nudna — boring
męczący / męcząca — tiring
stresujący / stresująca — stressful
Examiner Tips and Tricks
Try not to stop after „Lubię…” or „Wolę…”. Add a reason using ponieważ, and if possible add an extra opinion or comparison
Lubię + reason → opinion → comparison
This creates a much more developed answer without needing complicated grammar
Superlatives (naj-)
Polski jest najbardziej interesującym przedmiotem. Polish is the most interesting subject.
A superlative means 'the most + adjective' - use it to say something is the biggest, the most interesting, the best, etc
A superlative in Polish expresses “the most + adjective” — for example:
the most interesting, the most difficult, the best, the biggestPolish forms superlatives in a very regular way, but the structure changes depending on whether the adjective stands after a verb or before a noun
In Polish there are two superlative structures, depending on where the adjective sits in the sentence
When the adjective comes after a verb (e.g., jest, są, wydaje się), Polish uses: naj- + adjective (with the correct ending). Here the adjective behaves like a normal descriptive adjective after to be, so it must agree in gender and number. Polski jest najciekawszy. Polish is the most interesting
When the adjective comes directly before a noun, the structure is the same, but the adjective must take the correct ending for the noun’s gender, number and case. Polish uses: naj- + adjective + ending. Polski jest najciekawszym przedmiotem. Polish is the most interesting subject
The naj- prefix creates the superlative, and the ending shows agreement with the noun
Irregular superlatives in Polish
This grammar is only required for Higher tier
Polish has two important irregular superlatives that learners must know:
dobry - najlepszy - the best. To jest najlepszy przedmiot. This is the best subject
zły - najgorszy — the worst. Fizyka jest najgorszym przedmiotem. Physics is the worst subject
These forms behave like normal adjectives: they must agree in gender, number, and case
najlepsza książka — the best book (feminine)
najgorsze pytanie — the worst question (neuter)
najlepsi przyjaciele — the best friends (plural, masculine personal)
Adding contrast with „chociaż” (Higher tier only)
Chociaż (although) In Polish keeps normal word order after chociaż: subject + verb + rest of the sentence
Chociaż jest trudna, lubię matematykę. Although it is difficult, I like maths
When the sentence begins with „chociaż”, the subordinate clause comes first, followed by the main clause. Word order in the main clause remains flexible and is determined by emphasis rather than by the conjunction
Chociaż był zmęczony, poszedł do szkoły. Although he was tired, he went to school
This is a typical Higher‑tier structure and shows excellent grammatical control
Examiner Tips and Tricks
At Higher tier, it is important to avoid repeating the same opinion phrase uważam, że every time, examiners want to see a range of expressions that show flexibility and control of the language
Using chociaż (although) is a particularly effective way to show grammatical range, especially in writing. It allows you to link two contrasting ideas in one complex sentence — something examiners reward at Higher tier
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