School Subjects & My Studies: Grammar (AQA GCSE Polish): Revision Note

Exam code: 8688

Sylwia Jurczak

Written by: Sylwia Jurczak

Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett

Updated on

  • To talk about life at school, you can use opinion phrases to say what you think and why, comparatives to compare things such as subjects, teachers and facilities, and superlatives to say what is the most or least of something

  • Look at these grammar points in more detail

Comparatives (+ niż)

Język polski jest bardziej interesujący niż matematyka i łatwiejszy niż fizyka. Polish language is more interesting than maths and easier than physics

  • Use comparatives to compare two things, for example, when talking about which subjects you find more difficult, more interesting or more useful

  • In Polish, comparatives are usually formed by adding -szy or -iejszy to the adjective. (Which ending you use depends on the adjective, but the meaning is the same.)

    • adjective (comparative form) + niż = more… than Polski jest ciekawszy niż matematyka. Polish is more interesting than maths.

    • mniej + adjective + niż = “less… than” Biologia jest mniej ciekawa niż chemia. Biology is less interesting than chemistry

    • tak + adjective + jak = “as… as” Biologia jest tak ciekawa jak chemia. Biology is as interesting as chemistry

  • However, in the “less… than” structure, the adjective stays in its base form

    • mniej ciekawy niż… (less interesting than…)—not mniej ciekawszy

  • This means Polish has two patterns:

    • comparative ending + niż → more… than

    • mniej + base adjective + niż → less… than

Examiner Tips and Tricks

  • In Polish, you do not use a separate word for “more”. Instead, the comparative ending is added directly to the adjective, for example:

    • ciekawy → ciekawszy (more interesting)

    • trudny → trudniejszy (more difficult)

Irregular comparatives

  • The words for 'better' and 'worse' are irregular:

  • Polish has two important irregular comparative forms, lepszy and gorszy

    • dobry - lepszy niż- better than

    • zły -gorszy niż- worse than

  • These forms do not follow the regular comparative pattern (they do not add -szy or -iejszy in the usual way)

    • Sztuka jest lepsza niż chemia. Art is better than chemistry

    • Fizyka jest gorsza niż muzyka. Physics is worse than music

Giving opinions, lubię / wolę and subjects

  • When talking about school subjects, it is useful to be able to say what you like, what you dislike, and what you prefer. This allows you to give more detailed answers and explain your opinions

  • The two most useful verbs are:

    • lubić = to like

    • woleć = to prefer

  • The verb lubić is used when you want to say that you like something

    • Lubię matematykę.
      I like maths.

    • Lubię historię.
      I like history.

    • Lubię biologię.
      I like biology.

  • After lubię, the thing you like is normally in the accusative case. This means that many feminine school subjects ending in -a change to -ę.

Basic form

After lubię

English

matematyka

matematykę

maths

biologia

biologię

biology

historia

historię

history

geografia

geografię

geography

chemia

chemię

chemistry

fizyka

fizykę

physics

informatyka

informatykę

ICT / computer science

  • For a stronger exam answer, don't just say what you like. Explain why. Lubię + subject + ponieważ (because)+ reason

    • Lubię matematykę, ponieważ jest ciekawa
      I like maths because it is interesting

    • Lubię historię, ponieważ jest fascynująca
      I like history because it is fascinating

  • The verb woleć means to prefer. Use it when you want to say that you prefer one thing to another

    • Wolę matematykę niż biologię
      I prefer maths to biology

    • Wolę historię niż geografię
      I prefer history to geography

  • nie lubię = I don't like. After nie lubię, the noun is normally in the genitive case

    • Nie lubię matematyki
      I don't like maths

    • Nie lubię historii
      I don't like history

  • Notice the difference. This is an important grammar point

    • Lubię matematykę. → I like maths

    • Nie lubię matematyki. → I don't like maths

  • Instead of giving a very short answer: Lubię matematykę

    • You can develop it: Lubię matematykę, ponieważ jest ciekawa. Uważam, że jest też przydatna w życiu codziennym. Wolę matematykę niż chemię, ponieważ chemia jest trudniejsza.

  • This gives you several opportunities to show different structures:

    • Lubię -what you like

    • ponieważ, bo, dlatego, że -justification

    • Uważam, że - opinion

    • Wolę… niż… - preference

    • jest trudniejsza - comparison

Example

  • I prefer maths to biology because maths is easier

    • Wolę matematykę niż biologię, ponieważ matematyka jest łatwiejsza

  • You can make your answer more interesting by explaining what the subject is like.

    • ciekawy / ciekawa — interesting

    • łatwy / łatwa — easy

    • fascynujący / fascynująca — fascinating

    • przydatny / przydatna — useful

    • ważny / ważna — important

    • zabawny / zabawna — fun

    • trudny / trudna — difficult

    • nudny / nudna — boring

    • męczący / męcząca — tiring

    • stresujący / stresująca — stressful

Examiner Tips and Tricks

  • Try not to stop after „Lubię…” or „Wolę…”. Add a reason using ponieważ, and if possible add an extra opinion or comparison

  • Lubię + reason → opinion → comparison

  • This creates a much more developed answer without needing complicated grammar

Superlatives (naj-)

Polski jest najbardziej interesującym przedmiotem. Polish is the most interesting subject.

  • A superlative means 'the most + adjective' - use it to say something is the biggest, the most interesting, the best, etc

  • A superlative in Polish expresses “the most + adjective” — for example:
    the most interesting, the most difficult, the best, the biggest

  • Polish forms superlatives in a very regular way, but the structure changes depending on whether the adjective stands after a verb or before a noun

  • In Polish there are two superlative structures, depending on where the adjective sits in the sentence

    • When the adjective comes after a verb (e.g., jest, są, wydaje się), Polish uses: naj- + adjective (with the correct ending). Here the adjective behaves like a normal descriptive adjective after to be, so it must agree in gender and number. Polski jest najciekawszy. Polish is the most interesting

    • When the adjective comes directly before a noun, the structure is the same, but the adjective must take the correct ending for the noun’s gender, number and case. Polish uses: naj- + adjective + ending. Polski jest najciekawszym przedmiotem. Polish is the most interesting subject

  • The naj- prefix creates the superlative, and the ending shows agreement with the noun

Irregular superlatives in Polish

  • This grammar is only required for Higher tier

  • Polish has two important irregular superlatives that learners must know:

    • dobry - najlepszy - the best. To jest najlepszy przedmiot. This is the best subject

    • zły - najgorszy — the worst. Fizyka jest najgorszym przedmiotem. Physics is the worst subject

  • These forms behave like normal adjectives: they must agree in gender, number, and case

    • najlepsza książka — the best book (feminine)

    • najgorsze pytanie — the worst question (neuter)

    • najlepsi przyjaciele — the best friends (plural, masculine personal)

Adding contrast with „chociaż” (Higher tier only)

  • Chociaż (although) In Polish keeps normal word order after chociaż: subject + verb + rest of the sentence

    • Chociaż jest trudna, lubię matematykę. Although it is difficult, I like maths

  • When the sentence begins with „chociaż”, the subordinate clause comes first, followed by the main clause. Word order in the main clause remains flexible and is determined by emphasis rather than by the conjunction

  • Chociaż był zmęczony, poszedł do szkoły. Although he was tired, he went to school

  • This is a typical Higher‑tier structure and shows excellent grammatical control

Examiner Tips and Tricks

  • At Higher tier, it is important to avoid repeating the same opinion phrase uważam, że every time, examiners want to see a range of expressions that show flexibility and control of the language

  • Using chociaż (although) is a particularly effective way to show grammatical range, especially in writing. It allows you to link two contrasting ideas in one complex sentence — something examiners reward at Higher tier

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Sylwia Jurczak

Author: Sylwia Jurczak

Expertise: Content Writer

Sylwia Jurczak is a Content Writer at Save My Exams and an experienced Polish teacher with over 12 years of teaching experience. She specialises in GCSE and A-level Polish and has experience as an AQA examiner for the GCSE Polish Writing component.

Bridgette Barrett

Reviewer: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Development Editor

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 30 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.