World War I: Home Front (College Board AP® US History): Flashcards
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Define total war.
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Cards in this collection (21)
Define total war.
Total war is an approach in which the entire nation, civilians and military alike, commits its industry, workforce, and policies to winning.
How did factories change during World War I?
Factories shifted from peacetime products such as cars and household goods to military supplies such as weapons, ammunition, and uniforms.
Which groups filled labor shortages during World War I?
Women, African Americans, and immigrants filled labor shortages.
Established in 1917, the coordinated the production of war materials to ensure efficiency and prevent waste.
Established in 1917, the War Industries Board coordinated the production of war materials to ensure efficiency and prevent waste.
How did Herbert Hoover's Food Administration conserve food?
It promoted Meatless Mondays and Wheatless Wednesdays, and surplus food was shipped to soldiers and Allied nations.
What did the Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition Act (1918) make illegal?
They made it illegal to criticize war production, military operations, or government policies, refuse to serve in the military, or assist the enemy.
Why was Charles Schenck convicted?
Schenck, a socialist, handed out pamphlets urging resistance to the draft.
Define "clear and present danger" test.
The "clear and present danger" test, set in Schenck v. United States (1919), allowed speech to be restricted if it posed a direct threat to national security or public safety.
What test did the Immigration Act of 1917 require immigrants over 16 to pass?
The Immigration Act of 1917 required immigrants over 16 to pass an English literacy test, and it sharply cut immigration, especially from Asia.
Define Emergency Quota Act (1921).
The Emergency Quota Act set immigration quotas based on nation of birth to limit immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Define Great Migration.
The Great Migration was the mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to cities in the North, Midwest, and West, from about 1910 into the 1970s.
Approximately million African Americans left the South during the Great Migration.
Approximately six million African Americans left the South during the Great Migration.
Why did African Americans leave the South?
They wanted to escape segregation and Jim Crow laws, and disenfranchisement through poll taxes and literacy tests.
Define Red Summer (1919).
The Red Summer was a wave of race riots in about 26 cities, triggered by tensions between returning soldiers and African Americans who had filled industrial jobs.
What happened in the Tulsa Massacre (1921)?
After a Black man, Dick Rowland, was falsely accused, the prosperous Black Greenwood District was burned; an estimated 100 to 300 African Americans were killed and thousands left homeless.
What discrimination did African American migrants face in the North?
They faced segregated neighborhoods and denial of higher-paying jobs and promotions.
Why did the Spanish Flu (1918-1919) spread so quickly in the US?
Crowded military camps and transport ships, densely populated cities, and no vaccines or effective treatments let it spread quickly.
True or False?
During the Spanish Flu, the US government encouraged newspapers to report the full death toll.
False.
Fearing public panic and wanting to keep morale high for the war effort, the government encouraged newspapers to downplay the number of deaths.
Define Red Scare (1919-1920).
The Red Scare was a wave of anti-communist and anti-radical sentiment, fueled by fears of revolution after the Bolshevik Revolution and by labor unrest.
Define Palmer Raids.
The Palmer Raids were large-scale raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest and deport suspected communists and anarchists.
Why did the Sacco and Vanzetti case become a symbol of the Red Scare?
The two Italian immigrant anarchists were convicted of robbery and murder, and many believed their beliefs caused the conviction, so the case came to represent political repression and anti-immigrant sentiment.
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