Shaping a New Republic (College Board AP® US History): Flashcards
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Which executive departments did Washington and Congress set up in 1789?
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Cards in this collection (47)
Which executive departments did Washington and Congress set up in 1789?
They set up the Department of War, the Department of the Treasury, and the State Department.
Define cabinet.
The cabinet was formed by the attorney general and the secretaries of state, the treasury, and war, whom the president could appoint and dismiss.
What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 establish?
The Judiciary Act set up the federal court system: states kept their own laws and courts, but federal courts could reverse state court decisions.
What were the functions of the national bank?
The national bank held government funds, made debt payments, and issued a single currency for the whole country.
True or False?
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison supported the national bank.
False.
Jefferson and Madison opposed it, believing it would only help rich people.
How did Hamilton argue that Congress could create a national bank?
Hamilton argued the Constitution indirectly gave Congress the power under the Elastic Clause.
Why did Hamilton want the federal government to pay the states' debts?
Paying the debts would build the nation's credit, making borrowing easier, and make the states dependent on the federal government.
Why did Southern leaders oppose Hamilton's debt plan?
Southern states did not have as much debt as Northern states.
What did Hamilton promise to win Southern support for his debt plan?
Hamilton promised to support placing the nation's capital in the South.
Define Federalist Party.
The Federalist Party, led by Alexander Hamilton, wanted a strong national government and believed the Constitution implied powers beyond those written.
Define Democratic-Republican Party.
The Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, favored a smaller central government and participation by ordinary people.
Define strict interpretation.
Strict interpretation is the view that the Constitution gives the federal government no implied powers beyond what is written.
What kind of country did the Federalists want?
The Federalists wanted the country to be industrial with many large cities.
Democratic-Republicans wanted the country to be mostly rural and .
Democratic-Republicans wanted the country to be mostly rural and agrarian.
What precedent did Washington set by serving two terms?
Washington set a two-term standard; no president served longer until Franklin Roosevelt.
The Amendment, ratified in 1951, limits presidents to two terms.
The 22nd Amendment, ratified in 1951, limits presidents to two terms.
What did Washington mean by warning Americans to "steer clear of permanent alliances"?
Washington meant the United States should take a position of neutrality in foreign affairs.
True or False?
In his Farewell Address, Washington encouraged Americans to organize into political parties.
False.
Washington warned against political parties, believing they would divide Americans.
What did Congress tax in 1791 that angered western farmers?
In 1791, Congress passed a tax on the making and sale of whiskey.
Why did the whiskey tax hit western Pennsylvania farmers so hard?
Whiskey was often used as a form of money and was easier to transport than grain.
What happened in western Pennsylvania in July 1794?
Armed rioters attacked tax collectors and burned buildings in the Whiskey Rebellion.
The government saw the Whiskey Rebellion as a challenge to federal power, like Rebellion.
The government saw the Whiskey Rebellion as a challenge to federal power, like Shays' Rebellion.
True or False?
Washington left Pennsylvania to deal with the Whiskey Rebellion on its own.
False.
Washington sent troops from other states to stop the uprising.
What did the federal response to the Whiskey Rebellion show the nation?
It showed that the US government would use force to maintain order.
Why did the British stir up conflict in the Northwest Territory?
The British wanted to maintain their trade relationships with local Indigenous groups.
Why did Spain encourage conflict between Indigenous peoples and Anglo-Americans?
Spain wanted to minimize American expansion that could encroach on Spanish land.
How did Washington try to avoid conflict with Indigenous groups?
Washington signed treaties with several Indigenous groups that were meant to preserve Indigenous land.
True or False?
Anglo-American settlers respected Washington's treaties with Indigenous groups.
False.
Anglo-Americans ignored the treaties and settled wherever they wanted, including on Indigenous land.
What boundary did the Miami Confederacy claim between the United States and Indigenous lands?
The Miami Confederacy claimed the Ohio River as the boundary.
In 1794, American soldiers defeated Indigenous warriors at the Battle of Timbers.
In 1794, American soldiers defeated Indigenous warriors at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
Define Treaty of Greenville (1795).
The Treaty of Greenville (1795) gave almost all Indigenous land in what is now Ohio to Anglo-American settlers.
Why did Washington want the United States to stay neutral in foreign conflicts?
Washington did not think the United States was stable or strong enough to survive another war.
Which party mostly sided with the French revolutionaries?
Many Democratic-Republicans sided with the French revolutionaries.
Define Proclamation of Neutrality (1793).
The Proclamation of Neutrality, issued when France went to war with Great Britain and Spain, barred Americans from fighting for either side.
Who was Edmond Charles Genêt?
Genêt was a French envoy who recruited American men to invade Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and British Canada.
True or False?
Washington welcomed Genêt's recruitment of American volunteers.
False.
Washington demanded a new French emissary who would respect US neutrality.
Define impressment.
Impressment was the British practice of forcing the crews of captured American ships into the British navy.
Why were the United States and Great Britain close to war in 1794?
The British captured American trading ships and had still not left the Northwest Territory.
Whom did Washington send to negotiate a treaty with Britain in 1794?
Washington sent US Chief Justice John Jay.
What did Great Britain agree to in the Jay Treaty?
The British agreed to leave American soil.
True or False?
The Jay Treaty was popular with Democratic-Republicans.
False.
The treaty heavily favored Great Britain, and Democratic-Republicans saw it as a violation of the 1778 alliance with France.
Why did Spain close the lower Mississippi River to American shipping in 1784?
Spain wanted to control New Orleans, limit American westward expansion, and dominate trade in the region.
Why did the Jay Treaty worry Spain?
Spain feared the United States and Great Britain would try to take Spanish territory in North America.
What were the purposes of the Spanish missions in California?
The missions aimed to spread Catholicism to Indigenous people and prevent other countries from claiming Californian territory.
Define Pinckney's Treaty (1795).
Pinckney's Treaty (1795) let Americans use the lower Mississippi River and gave them tax-free access to the port of New Orleans.
Pinckney's Treaty set latitude as the southern border of the United States.
Pinckney's Treaty set 31° N latitude as the southern border of the United States.
How did Pinckney's Treaty affect Indigenous groups in the region?
It ended the military support Spain had promised to Indigenous groups resisting Anglo-American settlers.
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