Quality (AQA A Level Business): Exam Questions

Source A: SHEIN

SHEIN is an online fashion retailer. It has nearly 10 000 employees, sells in over 150 countries and operates in over 20 languages.

SHEIN's annual revenue target for 2025 is $58.5 billion, up from $22.7 billion in 2022. That would exceed the existing combined sales of its main competitors, H&M and Zara.

The average price of an item sold by SHEIN is just £7.90. The company's website has over 600 000 items on sale. It adds 6 000 new items each day.

SHEIN has a lean production model. It only produces 100 to 200 pieces of any item when launched and responds with increased production only if demand justifies it. The company uses computer models to try and estimate future sales accurately and match production to demand more closely than its competitors. Through its on-demand production, SHEIN is able to consistently limit the amount of excess inventory to a level that is much lower than traditional retailers.

The company supports its suppliers with training and investment in advanced technology. SHEIN ships orders to its customers directly, mostly from one huge warehouse near Guangzhou in China. This means that deliveries to customers around the world are slower than those of some competitors who have warehouses in different countries.

The fast fashion business model that SHEIN adopts has been widely criticised. It has been suggested that 8% of global carbon emissions are produced by the fashion industry. Fast fashion businesses are also criticised for encouraging consumers to replace, rather than repair or reuse clothing. Fast fashion allows customers to buy cheap products which they then discard, before quickly buying something new. There have also been criticisms of conditions in some of SHEIN's suppliers' factories in China.

SHEIN has now decided to focus more on environmental sustainability. It states, "Our operations are guided by a sustainability mindset tackling waste and circularity at every stage". The company aims to optimise the efficiency of its processes to conserve water, energy and raw materials while minimising waste. In September 2022, as part of its sustainability approach, SHEIN committed to reducing absolute (total) greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2030, when those of the industry are predicted to rise by 45% by 2030.

SHEIN has strict quality standards. Its approach includes a quality-check process where products are examined when they arrive at the warehouse. Factors tested include tear-strength and whether the colour of an item will fade when washed. Departments within the business are treated as if they are customers as part of its quality assurance approach.

SHEIN's values for employees include being good team-players who work well in a collaborative environment.

If SHEIN was seeking to launch a new range of clothing in 2026, it might consider two new suppliers: Xpress and Reliont. Appendix A shows information on these suppliers. The expected orders for the product in the first year would total 2.4 million units.

Source: Shein, 2024

Assess how SHEIN's approach to quality might affect its profitability.

Source B: Aldermoor Precision Ltd

Aldermoor Precision Ltd machines metal components to order for aerospace and medical equipment makers. It has one workshop in Hampshire, 42 employees and a small number of large customers, each of whom sends drawings and expects parts made to within a few hundredths of a millimetre.

In the year to March 2025 it made 92 400 components, had revenue of £3 696 000 and an operating profit of £369 600. The operating margin was 10%, down from 14% three years earlier.

Nothing has gone obviously wrong. What has happened is that more components are being made twice. A part that is out of tolerance can sometimes be reworked, which uses machine time that was meant for the next job, and sometimes has to be scrapped, which loses the material as well. Both have been rising for two years, and because almost every job is made to a customer's drawing rather than held as inventory, a scrapped part usually means a late delivery too.

The managing director, Ruth Castellan, has two proposals on her desk. One is to buy a second computer-controlled machining centre, which would let the workshop take on more work. The other is to stop organising the workshop by type of machine, with all the lathes together and all the mills together, and instead group machines into cells, each cell making a family of similar parts from start to finish, with the operators trained to run every machine in their cell.

The first costs nearly four times as much as the second. The second means the workshop does more with fewer people.

Source: Aldermoor Precision Ltd

Appendix F: Components reworked and scrapped at Aldermoor Precision Ltd

Source: Aldermoor Precision Ltd

Appendix G: Why components fail inspection at Aldermoor Precision Ltd

Source: Aldermoor Precision Ltd

Assess whether inspecting components only after the whole batch is finished is the right approach for Aldermoor Precision Ltd.

Source B: Toyota Manufacturing UK

Toyota Manufacturing UK builds the Corolla Hatchback and Corolla Touring Sports at Burnaston in Derbyshire, and the engines that go into them at Deeside in north Wales. Together the two plants employ about 3 000 people. Burnaston began building cars in 1992 and built its five millionth British car, a Corolla, in October 2024.

A finished car leaves the Burnaston line roughly every 90 seconds, and about 150 000 cars a year are built there. Around 85% are exported, most of them to Europe, so the plant is judged against Toyota's other factories and has to win its work rather than be handed it.

Burnaston is run on the Toyota Production System. Anyone on the line may stop it by pulling a cord if something is not right, and it does not restart until the problem is understood. Teams meet in short standing huddles at the start of each shift, and improvements suggested by the people doing the job are expected rather than hoped for.

That makes the plant unusual in how much it measures. It records the time taken at every station, the number of cars that come off the line needing no further work, the defects found for each vehicle and the cost of putting them right. None of these figures are kept quiet: they are written up on boards the whole shift can see.

The pressure now is cost. European plants with newer lines and lower wages build the same model, and Burnaston has been asked to find a further saving on every car without spending heavily on new equipment.

Source: Toyota Manufacturing UK and Toyota Motor Europe

Appendix E: Toyota Manufacturing UK, published figures

Source: Toyota Manufacturing UK

Appendix G: Quality at Burnaston

Source: Analyst

Assess the case for Toyota Manufacturing UK spending more on improving quality at Burnaston.

Calculate the cost of rework each year to support your answer.

Source B: 2 Sisters Food Group

2 Sisters Food Group is one of Britain's largest food manufacturers. It supplies roughly a third of the poultry eaten in the country, also makes ready meals and bakery products, employs around 13 500 people across about twenty United Kingdom sites, and is privately owned as part of Boparan Holdings. In the year to 27 July 2024 turnover was £3.05 billion, up 0.5%, with a profit before tax of £35.5 million.

Poultry is one of the most heavily checked things made in Britain. Temperature is recorded continuously, every batch is inspected, and the sites are audited by their own quality teams, by the supermarket customers who buy from them, by the regulator and by independent certification bodies. Over a year that comes to more than a thousand separate audits.

Everything about the operation is measured because almost nothing about it can be put right later. A bird that is wrong cannot be reworked; it is taken out. A line that stops costs a shift's output, and a site stopped for a day costs hundreds of thousands of pounds. Sixty-eight per cent of sales go to four supermarket customers, and each of them can audit a site at five days' notice.

That leaves two numbers in tension. The sites run close to flat out and want to keep running, and the same sites have to be able to prove what happened to every bird. Stopping the line protects the second and costs the first.

The question in front of the operations board is what would improve what the sites can prove, rather than only what they produce.

Source: Boparan Holdings Limited annual results for the year ended 27 July 2024

Appendix F: What a poultry site measures

Figures cover the sites in this report, not the whole group

Source: Analyst

Appendix G: Who checks the sites, and what they find

Share passed with no finding

Audits in total: 1 396

Source: Analyst

Assess whether being audited more than a thousand times a year makes 2 Sisters Food Group's products safer.

Source B: Marchwood Precision Ltd

Marchwood Precision Ltd machines aluminium parts for aerospace customers from a single factory near Bristol. It delivers about 170 000 parts a year to nine customers, three of whom provide 64% of revenue. Revenue in the year to March 2025 was £19.35 million and operating profit £1.24 million. It employs 118 people and runs fourteen machines on two shifts.

Aerospace work is sold on paperwork as much as on metal. Every part leaves with a certificate saying what it was made from and who machined it, and those records have to be kept for eleven years. A part that is wrong cannot be quietly used up somewhere else; it is scrapped or sent back through the shop to be reworked.

Last year 2.1% of parts were scrapped and 1.6% were reworked, which cost £412 000 and £268 000. A further £94 000 went on warranty claims. Six inspectors check every part, but they check it after machining is finished, so a mistake made in the first minute of a cut is found an hour later when nothing can be done about it.

The machines themselves are not the constraint. They could cut for 46 000 hours a year and actually cut for 34 500. Most of the gap is setting up: 62 setups a week at an average of 95 minutes each, which is about 98 hours a week when nothing is being made.

The board has agreed that quality has to improve before the next contract review, and is choosing between two ways of doing it.

Source: Marchwood Precision Ltd

Appendix E: Marchwood Precision Ltd selected data, year to March 2025

Source: Marchwood Precision Ltd

Appendix F: What poor quality costs Marchwood

Source: Analyst

Assess the cost of poor quality to Marchwood Precision Ltd.

Calculate Marchwood Precision Ltd's operating profit margin to support your answer.

Source B: Warburtons

Warburtons is the largest family-owned bakery business in the United Kingdom and in 2025 it entered its 150th year. It is still owned by the Warburton family, bakes in 13 bakeries and employs just over 5 000 people.

The year to 27 September 2025 was a record one. Revenue grew 3.9% to £769.9 million and the volume of products sold grew 4.2%. Operating profit rose 30%, from £33.3 million to £43.2 million, and profit before tax rose 33% to £42 million. During the year the company recruited more than 400 new employees, although after leavers the workforce grew by only 45. It also bought a former Rathbones bakery, which it expects to have running by September 2026.

Even after that jump in profit, Warburtons keeps only a few pence of every pound it takes. Bread is sold mainly through a handful of large supermarkets, which negotiate hard on price, so the company cannot pass higher costs on. Almost all of its improvement has to come from making bread more cheaply and wasting less of it.

That is difficult, because a standard loaf has a shelf life of five days and the business is judged on getting it onto the shelf fast. Bread that is rejected at the bakery, or returned unsold by a retailer, cannot be sold at all. Over the last four years both of those figures have been rising, and its bakeries differ widely in how much bread each employee produces.

Source: Warburtons annual results for the year to 27 September 2025

Appendix E: Selected data for Warburtons, year to 27 September 2025

Source: Warburtons

Appendix G: Quality and waste at Warburtons

Source: Analyst

Appendix H: Two ways of reducing waste at Warburtons

Source: Analyst

Warburtons is considering two ways of reducing the amount of bread it wastes:

Option 1: new dough-handling equipment at the four weakest bakeries

Option 2: a Total Quality Management programme across all 13 bakeries

Evaluate both options and recommend which one Warburtons should choose.

Calculate the return on investment for Option 1 to support your answer.

Source B: Marchwood Precision Ltd

Marchwood Precision Ltd machines aluminium parts for aerospace customers from a single factory near Bristol. It delivers about 170 000 parts a year to nine customers, three of whom provide 64% of revenue. Revenue in the year to March 2025 was £19.35 million and operating profit £1.24 million. It employs 118 people and runs fourteen machines on two shifts.

Aerospace work is sold on paperwork as much as on metal. Every part leaves with a certificate saying what it was made from and who machined it, and those records have to be kept for eleven years. A part that is wrong cannot be quietly used up somewhere else; it is scrapped or sent back through the shop to be reworked.

Last year 2.1% of parts were scrapped and 1.6% were reworked, which cost £412 000 and £268 000. A further £94 000 went on warranty claims. Six inspectors check every part, but they check it after machining is finished, so a mistake made in the first minute of a cut is found an hour later when nothing can be done about it.

The machines themselves are not the constraint. They could cut for 46 000 hours a year and actually cut for 34 500. Most of the gap is setting up: 62 setups a week at an average of 95 minutes each, which is about 98 hours a week when nothing is being made.

The board has agreed that quality has to improve before the next contract review, and is choosing between two ways of doing it.

Source: Marchwood Precision Ltd

Appendix E: Marchwood Precision Ltd selected data, year to March 2025

Source: Marchwood Precision Ltd

Appendix H: Two ways of improving quality

170 000 parts are delivered a year. Scrap cost £412 000 and rework £268 000.

Source: Analyst

Marchwood Precision Ltd is considering two ways of improving quality:

Option 1: fit measuring probes to every machine so parts are checked while they are cut

Option 2: introduce total quality management with quality circles in every area

Evaluate both options and recommend which one Marchwood Precision Ltd should choose.

Calculate the scrap and rework cost for each part delivered to support your answer.

Source B: 2 Sisters Food Group

2 Sisters Food Group is one of Britain's largest food manufacturers. It supplies roughly a third of the poultry eaten in the country, also makes ready meals and bakery products, employs around 13 500 people across about twenty United Kingdom sites, and is privately owned as part of Boparan Holdings. In the year to 27 July 2024 turnover was £3.05 billion, up 0.5%, with a profit before tax of £35.5 million.

Poultry is one of the most heavily checked things made in Britain. Temperature is recorded continuously, every batch is inspected, and the sites are audited by their own quality teams, by the supermarket customers who buy from them, by the regulator and by independent certification bodies. Over a year that comes to more than a thousand separate audits.

Everything about the operation is measured because almost nothing about it can be put right later. A bird that is wrong cannot be reworked; it is taken out. A line that stops costs a shift's output, and a site stopped for a day costs hundreds of thousands of pounds. Sixty-eight per cent of sales go to four supermarket customers, and each of them can audit a site at five days' notice.

That leaves two numbers in tension. The sites run close to flat out and want to keep running, and the same sites have to be able to prove what happened to every bird. Stopping the line protects the second and costs the first.

The question in front of the operations board is what would improve what the sites can prove, rather than only what they produce.

Source: Boparan Holdings Limited annual results for the year ended 27 July 2024

Appendix E: 2 Sisters Food Group, published figures

Source: Boparan Holdings Limited

Appendix G: Who checks the sites, and what they find

Share passed with no finding

Audits in total: 1 396

Source: Analyst

Evaluate two ways in which 2 Sisters Food Group could increase the share of supermarket customer audits its sites pass with no finding, and recommend which one it should do first.